The Great Global Warming Swindle Essay Example

The Great Global Warming Swindle Paper Position Paper: a Great Global Warming Swindle To the extent could recollect, since rudimentary it has consistently been talked about in my science class that ozone harming substances cause a worldwide temperature alteration and that carbon dioxide is an ozone depleting substance. It has been similar to that for like Forever? My mom let me know once that one time when she went to Baggie, snow fell. I truly dont know whether she was coming clean however being a youngster, I trusted her. At the point when she disclosed to me that stow, I surmise I was 5 years of age. During those occasions, going out in the sun during 9 oclock toward the beginning of the day is as yet protected and it wont present to you any damage. The suns beams were still amicable. Contrasting those pantomimes with right now, one would take note of that: there were lesser vehicles; power was not a significant ware; we have more trees and timberlands; deforestation and kayaking were not that widespread Generally, we were carrying on a straightforward, reverberation inviting and less creative sort of life. These days, our lifestyle has improved yet it had antagonistic impacts. The one that has been enormously influenced was nature. As our method of living keeps on improving, so does the temperature. The temperature improves in the manner that it keeps expanding. As men discover routes in improving their direction f living, they purposefully and unexpectedly devastate the earth - ? the expansion in worldwide temperature appears to go with it. Basing on what's going on today and on what had occurred, it appears to be sensible that a worldwide temperature alteration may truly be man-made. It is by all accounts caused incredibly by keeps an eye on exercises. Man has been obliterating the Earth and an Earth-wide temperature boost is one of the pointers that it is without a doubt in the skirt of demolition. However, the purpose of A Great Global Warming Swindle? is that the measure of water fume in the environment is a lot more prominent than the measure of carbon oxide. What of it? you may inquire. We will compose a custom paper test on The Great Global Warming Swindle explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on The Great Global Warming Swindle explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on The Great Global Warming Swindle explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer It makes a difference on the grounds that, in actuality, water fume itself is an ozone depleting substance. This by one way or another provoked my interest. Is it safe to say that i was off-base for accepting that an unnatural weather change is man-made? To take care of keeps an eye on interest there are two things, among all advancements and innovations, that were demonstrated to be useful - ? research and the web. In spite of the fact that examination in secondary school has denied me of one calculate fundamental a people natural development - ? that is rest - ? I did a tad bit of it to help my reserve basing on the assessments of others. Here is an outline of what I have perused from various sources Although the narrative was invited by an unnatural weather change cynics, it was reprimanded by logical associations and individual researchers (counting two of the movies supporters). The movies pundits contended that it had abused and manufactured information, depended on outdated examination, utilized misdirecting contentions, and distorted the situation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate They totally distorted me. My perspectives were contorted by the setting in which they put them. I was misdirected with regards to what it would have been about. I was told around a half year back this was to be a developer about the fact that it is so entangled to comprehend what is happening. In the event that they had let me know even the title of the developer, I would have completely wouldn't be on it. I am the person who has been cheated (Professor Carl Hunch, Pure Propaganda - ? The Great Global Warming. ) at the end of the day, ICC doesn't start the alerts, yet goes about as an enhancer once they are in progress. (Teacher Asseverating, unadulterated Propaganda - ? The Great Global Warming. ) As per a few, the narrative may have wrongly introduced or confused the thoughts of the researchers and the information they have accumulated. They may have spread ridiculous contentions and have created extraordinary turmoil, particularly to the watchers. To other people, the narrative may have been edification to what in particular is truly occurring. However, at long last, it is up for us to pick which side we will accept. It doesn't make a difference in the event that you are the one in particular who appears to have an alternate view contrasted with others. Continuously recollect, there are no off-base sentiments Only those that restrict everybody elses.

Support Networks For Young Homeless People

Encouraging groups of people For Young Homeless People The encouraging group of people of leaving care and legal destitute youngsters 16 and 17 years of age living in destitute lodgings Substance 1. Presentation 2. â€Å"Legal† writing 2.1. Youth vagrancy in England 2.2. Lodging arrangement for 16/17 years of age destitute youngsters 2.3. Leaving care 3. â€Å"Psychological† writing 3.1. Interpersonal organizations 4. Technique 4.1. Approach 4.2. Development of the meeting 4.3. System 4.4. The pilot study 4.5. Test 4.6. Examination of the meetings: categorisation of substance 5. Research discoveries and conversation 6. End 1. Presentation Pre-adulthood is where significant changes happen in the connection between youngsters and their folks (Paikoff Brooks-Gunn, 1991). It appears that as youngsters attempt to turn out to be progressively free the measure of contention with guardians builds (Paikoff Brooks-Gunn, 1991; Laursen et al., 1998). Strife levels appear to be higher in center immaturity and decline in late pre-adulthood (Paikoff Brooks-Gunn, 1991; Laursen et al., 1998). In any case, at times the contention can be extraordinary to such an extent that young people are ousted from the parental home or leave by their own drive to maintain a strategic distance from or get away from the contention circumstances and accordingly they may get destitute (CHAR, 1996; Ploeg Scholte, 1997; Smith, 1998; Fitzpatrick, 2000). Some leave their parental homes while they are younger than 18 years of age which implies that legitimately they are still youngsters. In this way, these teenagers can be obliged by the Children Services, u nder area 20 of the Children Act 1989, whenever viewed as youngsters â€Å"in need† as indicated by segment 17 of a similar demonstration or by the Housing Department as legal destitute under the Homelessness Act 2002 after their incorporation in the need list presented by The Homelessness (Priority Need for Accommodation) (England) Order 2002. Research on the subject of destitute youngsters found that among this gathering is conceivable to locate an enormous number of teenagers that had been taken care of by the Local Authorities. This young people endured, now and again, detachments of years and a few limitations in the contact with their regular family. However, the Local Authorities despite everything have parental obligations with respect to them and by and large they had been suited in temporary families. This can furnish youngsters leaving care with extra wellsprings of help. It is frequently expressed in writing that the informal communities of destitute youngsters are poor and that they need quality strong connections. In an investigation by Pleace et al. (2008) that took a gander at families and 16 and 17 years of age acknowledged as destitute, the discoveries show that the instrumental (pragmatic assistance in an emergency circumstance) and enthusiastic (having somebody to converse with) bolster got by 16 and 17 years of age is for the most part given by loved ones yet by and large this gathering is altogether less upheld then the national normal. In spite of the fact that this investigation gives a thought of the encouraging groups of people of these gathering it is quantitative research and it doesn't give considerably more data on the sythesis and nature of the encouraging groups of people. Also, the greater part of the members were at that point 18 years of age at the time the meeting was directed. Another investigation by Lemos and Durkacz (2002) that included 26 helpless individuals with ages somewhere in the range of 17 and 53 years of age with a past filled with vagrancy demonstrated that vagrants keep up steady contacts with family in spite of the fact that they contrast considerably in normality. Besides, they found that the relationship vagrants have with peers are for the most part with others they meet in destitute settings and in spite of the fact that there are long haul kinships this example isn't the most widely recognized. This examination gives subjective data on the informal community of vagrants, anyway there was just a single respondent of 17 years of age, the various members were more seasoned. Besides it moved toward people with a background marked by vagrancy with implies that a portion of the members were at that point in perpetual convenience and others had been destitute for quite a long while. Destitute lodgings give settlement to legal destitute and leaving care with 16 and 17 years of age. The youths in this last gathering endured, now and again, detachments of years and a few limitations in the contact with their regular family. However, the Local Authorities despite everything have parental obligations with respect to them and by and large they had been suited in non-permanent families. This can furnish youngsters leaving care with extra wellsprings of help. In this examination the two gatherings will be contrasted with decide the degree of help got and the current contrasts. The discoveries of this examination can be utilized to enhance the information about this powerless gathering and furnish important data to experts working with them so as to make strategies to more readily bolster this gathering. Research recommends that destitute youngsters have less help than their friends in everybody There are various examinations in the United Kingdom on the subject of youth vagrancy. Be that as it may, very little explicit about the encouraging groups of people and particularly very little about the encouraging group of people of destitute youngsters matured 16 and 17 years of age. Furthermore, the existent research centers around destitute youngsters as a gathering and doesn't consider the various gatherings of single destitute youngsters as legal destitute and care leavers. This investigation means to inspect the informal communities of destitute 16 and 17 years of age living in destitute lodgings in London. It expects to discover the degree to which destitute youngsters have contact with loved ones and the nature of the help got from the two sources. It additionally means to discover whether there are contrasts between the interpersonal organizations of legal destitute and leaving care youngsters matured 16 and 17. The current paper is separated in five sections. The initial segment plans to contextualize the examination by giving the various implications of vagrancy, introducing a concise history of destitute youth in England underscoring the makes that set off that marvel develop. Moreover, the lawful meaning of vagrant will be given and the lodging strategies will be taken a gander at. At long last, it will be introduced a clarification of the term leaving care, the important enactment, the elements that can trigger vagrancy and the components that can influence the encouraging group of people of this gathering. In the subsequent section, a meaning of interpersonal organization and encouraging group of people will be given focusing on the develops that can be utilized to survey the presence and the nature of encouraging groups of people, the significance of encouraging groups of people will be featured and an investigations of destitute encouraging groups of people will be portrayed and brok e down. In the third part the structure of the exploration and the example will be depicted, the examination of the meetings will be made and categorisation of the substance introduced. In fourth part the outcomes will be broke down and talked about identified with the classes made. At last, an end will be drawn. 2. Lawful writing 2.1. Youth vagrancy in England There is no consensual meaning of vagrancy, as a similar word has various implications for the administration, the intentional offices that work with this gathering of individuals, the regular resident and the media (Pleace and Quilgars, 1999). For the overall population the word destitute is probably going to infer pictures of somebody without cover, and in that sense vagrants are viewed as the individuals who rest in the city. Notwithstanding, a vagrant can likewise be an individual that doesn't have a house and lives in crisis convenience, is organized, lives in transitory settlement, for example, quaint little inns, asylums or lives with companions or family members for a while. The term destitute can likewise be material to individuals that live in terrible lodging conditions, for example, stuffed houses, inadequate houses or in situations that present a danger to the security and prosperity of the person. At long last, the more extensive meaning of destitute likewise incorporat es individuals that don't have adequate monetary assets to purchase or lease their own home and as a result need to share convenience on a drawn out premise (Thornton, 1990 and Fitzpatrick et al. 2000). There is a lawful meaning of vagrancy that will be given in the following segment. In any case, with the end goal of this investigation youthful vagrants are the individuals who are living in impermanent convenience and explicitly destitute lodgings. The marvel of vagrancy among youngsters in Britain rose fundamentally during the 1980’s and 1990’s (Quilgars et al., 2008) because of a combination of monetary, social and political components (Thornton, 1990). In the 1970’s, an emergency in the oil business prompted a world monetary downturn that brought about the conclusion of certain organizations and in a decrease in the enrollment or the repetition of laborers in others. This circumstance influenced the assembling enterprises and in the United Kingdom it majorly affected ventures, for example, mining and boat building. There was subsequently a decrease in the quantity of employments accessible or a total absence of occupations in that industry, influencing especially a few territories of the nation. The joblessness rate expanded. Youthful school leavers, with practically no capabilities and with next to zero work understanding, that already had the option to land untalented positions were especially influenced. The expansion in the pace of joblessness in certain pieces of the nation made youngsters move to bigger urban communities where they were bound to look for some kind of employment in the administration business that had b egun to grow during the 1980’s (Hutson and Liddiard, 1997). In any case, the immense number of individuals that moved to enormous urban areas wanting to get a new line of work, related to other segment and social components, bothered the lack of aff

Cadbury and Kraft Merger

Impact of Color Vision on Foraging and predatoe location aptitudes in New World Monkey - Research Paper Example 657) and has been ascribed to be affected by chromatic signs which are normally delivered by the leaves (Dominy and Lucas 363) and natural products (Regan et al. 229). Research has additionally uncovered that trichromatics have the capacity of distinguishing natural products from a foundation that is verdant and that however organic products can secure themselves particularly during their maturing procedure, the trichromatics are likewise ready to differentiate the ready from unripe organic products. Lion's share of research has been directed to explore the scavenging capacity of trichromatics yet less research has been finished outlining the impact of shading vision on predator abilities. This confirmations a proviso in inquire about that this examination proposition tries to reply by researching the impact of shading vision in accordance with searching as well as on predator discovery abilities and particularly among New World Monkey. Proposed look into speculation There is a posit ive connection between's shading dreams among trichromatic species and their inclination for predator identification and scrounging. Techniques utilized for gathering hereditary and different kinds of information Genetic information will be gathered utilizing intensification and sequencing of the opsin X connected quality which is liable for the trichomatic genotype consequently the vision phenotype. This will incorporate removing DNA from the monkeys by utilizing their hair strands, salivation or blood tests for assessment. Arrangement investigation and PCR will likewise be utilized in order to recognize the four amino acids that are available in the heterozygous females that present with the trichromatic vision allele as proof in different examinations (Surridge and Mundy 2157). Social strategy for gathering information will be utilized where the conduct of monkeys will be watched in order to recognize trichromatics from dichromatic conduct in taking care of. This will be planned for surveying if there is a positive connection between the conduct of trichromatics in benefiting from ready products of the soil their predation, contrasted with dichromatic monkeys. In addition conduct of dichromatic and monochromatic monkeys that make them incapable to recognize the ready from unripe organic products will likewise be evaluated (Smith, et al. 3162). Morphological strategy for information assortment will be utilized at assessing the morphology of ready natural products that makes them increasingly inclined to rummaging by trichromatic contrasted with dichromatic. Thus, the morphology of leaves will likewise be utilized to evaluate the pretended in disguising the unripe foods grown from the ground impact on shading vision it has on trichromatics contrasted with dichromatic monkeys (Smith, et al. 3162). Strategies for dissecting the information Data will be broke down by utilization of programming by the name SPSS: Statistical Package for Social Sciences where crude information will be gathered, cleaned and coded. In the wake of coding into dichromatic and trichomatic as the autonomous factors and rummaging and predator identification as the needy factors, information will be gone into the PC and broke down. Results will be introduced as tables, graphs and figures for simpler translation and conversation. Support Color vision separation is significant for the endurance of any creature particularly in nature. Not exclusively do the creatures profit by the examination, results produced relating to searching will help improving the development of natural products to development. This is since it will guarantee that the unripe natural products

Citizenship A Comparative Study of India and Nepal - Free Essay Example

Introduction During the last century, the concept of citizenship has witnessed a growing interest after it almost went out of vogue. A plethora of literature during this period has been written during this period which has led to it becoming a cluster concept by interaction of other similar concepts. This body of literature runs on the same undercurrent of redefining citizenship owing to the changed circumstances of its return. Earlier, the concept of citizenship was state-centric. Previously states attempted to consolidate themselves into a homogenous state in conformity of its ideal of a unitary character. However, owing to the growing presence of cultural diversity within states, they are forced to evaluate the traditional character of its citizenship to accommodate such cultural diversity. National homogenization has often led to violence among countries like in countries like the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, China, Burma, Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan. This growing sentiment of accommodation and tolerance towards group gave birth to the concept to of multiculturalism in the West. In Asia, due to its unique geopolitical and socioeconomic nature, each indigenous culture has its own recipe of unity among diversity. A common factor among these Asian countries is the legacy of colonialism which continues to shape the cultural and legal discourse in these countries till date. Therefore although originally a Western model, this rhetoric is now widely used in both western and non-western societies all around the world. This paper focuses on a comparative study of the legal discourse on citizenship of India and Nepal from a multicultural approach. These two particular countries are taken due to a number of similarities share. Both the countries are democracies and have a similar for, of government. The legal system of both these countries are based upon the common law system. Both countries have faced legal issues regarding citizenship owing to the diversity in the composition of their population groups. Asian multiculturalism interconnected with democracy and a democratic state is needed to ensure equality of citizenship to all its members. Kymlickas theory is particularly chosen because he is the most influential multicultural theorist. The paper compares the judicial discourse of both the countries to determine whether the legal discourse is sufficiently accommodates the idea of multiculturalism as envisioned by Kymlicka in his theories. Citizenship- A Multiculturalist approach Since the mid-1970s, a trend was seen in Western democracies towards the concept of diversity by recognizing multiculturalist policies and minority rights. Earlier the idea of a homogenous nationhood had gained traction. But till 1990s multiculturalism continued to be an appealing concept altogether. Multiculturalist policies were endorsed at both the state and national level as well as by international organizations. The crux of multiculturalism is based upon the notion of accommodating cultural diversity. This problem was solved to a large extent by Will Kymlicka the most influential multicultural theorist at present. His work is predominantly based upon a liberal account of when and how to accomodate multicultural diversity along with the cultural claims that stem from it. A state becomes multicultural by being either multinational or polyethnic. If the members of the state are from disparate nations then its the former. If they have migrated from various nations it is the latter. In both cases such a factor must become a defining element of personal identity and political life. As per Kymlickas theory cultural diversity arises due to national minorities and immigrants. These national minorities aim to preserve themselves separately from the majority culture and thrive for autonomy and self-government. National minorities in order to become a part of the society should not be defined by birth alone. Rather, national membership should be open in principle to anyone, regardless of race or colour, who is willing to learn the language and history of the society and participate in its social and political institutions . The other source of diversity consist of the immigrants who associate to form ethnic groups. They do not claim for self-government and instead thrive towards integration into the main society. Membership obtained by the immigrants is different from that given to national minorities. An immigrant may have left his home voluntarily or due to coercion i.e as a refugee. Due to the difference in the nature of these two groups, Kymlicka differentiates between three types of rights afforded to the minorities. He justifies these rights by arguing that cultural membership ensures free choice. Since free choice is essential to the concept of liberalism, and due to the interwoven connection between free choice and cultural membership[citation needed, Gillian article], it is essential to grant minorities and immigrants rights in order to ensure their cultural membership. The rights, as per Kymlicka could be divided into self-government rights, special representation rights and polyethnic rights. Self government rights ensure political autonomy to nations. Polyethnic rights are designed to facilitate integration into the society. These are positive measures on part of the state to inculcate the ethnic communities into the large scale society through various ways such as public funding of festivals , so that they are not disadvantaged in the face of the dominant groups. Special representation rights aim to give a say to severely underrepresented minorities in law-making and public policy fora[check for citation from Kymlickas book]. Nepal Nepal is a multi-ethnic country consisting Nepal consisting of more than sixty ethnic groups, half a dozen religions and a hundred languages has witnessed exclusion in many spheres in the past. Due to variances of culture, ethnic relations have witnessed very little balance amongst themselves. Such diversity in culture coupled with Nepals history of migration implies that all inhabitants of the country are originally settlers. Exclusion has been a constant theme in the Nepalese population. For example, the socio-cultural-political hedgemony of Nepal or as Dor Bahadur Bista calls it, Bahunism based on the Hindu caste system has led to the exclusion of other non-Hindu groups such as Dalits and other non-Hindu lower caste groups. An oppressive form of discrimination faced by Madhesis is in obtaining citizenship which often happened due to the lack of citizenship certificates which could be attributed to such hill nationalism. Nepal has also faced the influx of Bhutanese refugees into its territory in early 1990s owing to state sponsored ethnic tension. Under the Nepalese Constitution, a citizen is entitled to the enjoyment of certain fundamental rights. However, in this context an understanding of who is a citizen is necessary particularly owing to the ethnic diversity in the country. Starting with its inclusion in the 1950s Constitution, the concept of citizenship has vastly changed since then. During the drafting of the Constitution of 2015, rights of greater state representation along with recognition of language and culture were put forth by marginalized sections. Thus, the Constitution of Nepal which came into force in 2015, through its Preamble recognizes multiculturalism and seeks to establish an egalitarian society through proportional inclusive and participatory principles. Article 10(1) of the Constitution of 2015 guarantees citizenship as a right of all Nepali citizens while article 10(2) talks about provision of single federal citizenship with provincial identity. Any person, who has acquired the Nepali citizenship by descent before the commencement of the Constitution 2015 or any person, whose father or mother was a citizen of Nepal at the time of the birth of such a person and has his/her permanent domicile in Nepal, will be deemed to be a citizen of Nepal.A child found in Nepal whose paternity or maternity is not known shall be deemed to be a citizen by naturalization until his/her parent(s) is traced. Certain articles have been deemed to be discriminatory towards the minorities. For instance Article 11(7) states that citizenship by naturalization will not be granted to child born out of the wedlock of a Nepali woman citizen married to a foreigner. Article 14 is also discriminatory since it denies non-resident Nepali citizenship to members of SAARC countries. Both these provisions have been criticized to be discriminatory towards Madhesis in particular. Persons living near the open border between India and Nepal may be adversely affected since cross-border marriage relations are quite common. It is interesting to note that the Constitutional provisions is some places contradictory to the previously enacted Nepal Citizenship Act, 2006. There also has been some disputes regarding the obtainment of citizenship certificate. A major number of citizens mostly based upon gender or caste or religion lack access to such certificates. This generally is common among indigenous communities due to lack of ownership over land. India In India the concept of citizenship is closely connected with identity. A brief overview of the identities present in India. As per the census report of 2001, Hindus account for 80% of the population while Muslim, being the second largest minority account for 14.23% of the population. Chirstians, Sikhs, Parsis, Buddhists and Jains are the other numerically important religious minorities. At the commencement of the Republic, citizenship was rooted in the shared identity of sovereign self-governing people coming together as a community of equals with a national identity which embraced not only the national community as a whole but also each member of the political community. This identity creation could be attributed to the Partition of 1947 which had a significant effect in framing the Constitution of India. In the words of Dr. Ambedkar the Constitutional Provisions on citizenship were intended to decide an ad hoc law for the time being and had intended to leave other issues concern ing citizenship to the Parliament evident from the phrasing of Article 11. Hence the constitutional character of citizenship was intended to only deal with the context of Partition and not citizenship as a whole. The Constitution came into force on 26th January 1950 and the provisions about citizenship came into force on 29th November 1949. Article 5 of the Constitution deals with citizenship by birth. It highlights the jus soli conception of citizenship that was envisaged during the making of the Constitution. On the other hand article 6 and article 7 were provisions reserved for extraordinary times. During the debates, the most controversial discussions were held upon issues of migration, domicile and intention to settle. During the framing of the Constitution these became central to its framing. While Article 6 aimed to provide citizenship to those persons who migrated to India from Pakistan, Article 7 was inserted to exclude people who had migrated from Pakistan to India around the time of partition. A religious undertone may also be observed in the Constituent Assembly Debates when the Hindus were referred to as refugees while Muslims were referred to migrants. Article 9 provides that people who had voluntarily obtained the citizenship of another state cannot be citizens of India. Article 10 deems with the continuation of rights of citizenship for anyone deemed to be a citizen as per the earlier provisions subject to any law made by the Parliament. The term domicile was subsequently adjudicated in a number of cases owing to its ambiguous nature. In Louis de Raedt V. Union of India the Supreme Court held that residence must be accompanied by intention to make a permanent home i.e the element of animus manendi must be there. This view was also reiterated in Central Bank V. Ram Narain where it was held that both factum and animus must be there to constitute domicile. The Citizenship Act, 1955 governs the general law relating to citizenship. Under this legislation, a person can acquire citizenship through birth, descent, naturalization, registration and incorporation of territory. This legislation has undergone some very significant amendments owing to the changing socio-cultural scenario of the country. In 1985 in the aftermath of the war of liberation for Bangladesh the influx of migrants increased and continued steadily afterwards. Due to increase in refugees, massive protests by All Assam Students Union took place which culminated into the signing of the Assam Accord. Many people had acquired documentary citizenship in the words of Kamal Sadiq via ration cards etc. The amendment inserted Article 6A to ensure that people who came after 1966 would be deleted from the electoral role and would have to wait for 10 years from the date of detection to become legal citizens again. By the amendment in 2003, two sub-clauses were added to section 3 whic h were also relevant to the immigrants from Bangladesh which excluded those born after the amendment with one parent as an illegal migrant at the time of their birth. In 2004, section 7A inserted provisions for Overseas Citizenship, but it excluded from its purview, citizens/former citizens of Pakistan and Bangladesh. The Illegal Migrants(Determination by Tribunals) Act, was enacted in 1983 to detect and expel illegal foreigners as a response to the movements in Assam. However the Act was challenged in a writ petition filed by Sabarnanda Sonowal whose plea was that the Act made it impossible to detect the foreigners who were residing there. Consequently, the Act was struck down and the previous procedure of placing the onus on proving citizenship claims upon the accused under the Foreigners Act was reverted back to. Under the Constitution, all citizens are entitled to certain fundamental rights. However certain groups of minorities are given rights to preserve their culture under the Indian Constitution under the aegis of article 29-30. During the Constituent Assembly, this issue was highly debated and finally certain rights are granted to the minorities under this Constitution. Mahajan writes The path that India adopted self-consciously therefore was one that acknowledged persons as citizens of the state as well as members of specific cultural communities. While political rights of participation were extended to all, nevertheless on other matters due consideration was given to community affiliations and membership. The policy adopted by India is said to be two fold: On one hand it tries to prevent exclusion of communities from public sphere. On the other hand it tries to provide autonomy to the concerned communities. The concept of jus soli has been slowly transforming to the concept of jus sanguinis owing to the changing socio-cultural circumstances in India. While jus soli remains the governing principle the current vision of citizenship in India has come to be shaped by jus sanguinis.Due to the increasing diversity in the population, Conclusion This research study is limited in its scope to conduct a varied study between the countries. Hence it will only focus on the multicultural aspect of the Constitutional concept of both countries. In Kymlickas terms, both Nepal and India are multicultural states owing to a similar history of co-existence of minorities along with incoming refugees. Undoubtedly this has given rise to the ethnic diversity of both the countries. Both these countries have polyethnic and national identities. Neither of them can be exclusively said to be polyethnic or multinational, since refugees and minorities co-exist in both these states. The umbrella term multicultural thus is more suitable in the context if these two states. As per Kymlickas theory on multicultural citizenship ,as discussed in the second section, the nature of rights afforded to citizens of a multicultural nation can be divided into self-autonomy, special representation as well as polyethnic rights. Both the Constitutions fail to guarantee such rights for minorities as well as immigrants in its Constitution although Indias Constitution provides it in a some aspects. Kymlicka formulated has theory of rights in order to establish that cultural identity is essential in a liberal society for its stability . This is to some extent in true to both countries. Perhaps, owing to the denial of such rights, the majority population hedgemonizes culture and the minority population is victimized. Gramsci had observed: the State renders the ruling group homogeneous, and tends to create a social conformism which is useful to the ruling groups line of development. This is somewhat tested in both countries. The Constitutional provisions carry firm undertones and fails to secure the rights of any minorities in particular especially in respect to citizenship. As a result a social conformism is created where every community adheres to the ruling peoples hegemony. In both these Constitutions, the predominance of on community is thus seen over the recognition of communal groups. Despite the seemingly neutral phraseology of the Constitutional provisions a strong exclus ionary attitude can be detected from the constitutional provisions on citizenships towards foreigners. The Constitutions of both the countries are apprehensive of granting citizenship to foreign migratory groups and as such fails to integrate them in the nation-building process. Kymlickas theories were based on a Western model. However in some parts, such theory has been evidenced in India and Nepal as can be seen from the legal discourse of both these countries. Certain modifications in his theories may exemplify its apllicablity in the South Asian context. Betto Van Warden in his work identifies the absence of identity from the works of Kymlicka. He draws upon the concept of participatory rights from Sens seminal work on identity pluralism and in the process tries to reconcile the works of Kymlicka with Sen. He argues that a state must promote particpatory rights rather than accomodation or self-autonomy rights for the distinct group of identities. Identity pluralism as he says does not mean a rejection of multicultural rights but it would emphasize on participatory rights for all minorities. It cannot be ascertained for sure whether such a theory with such modifications would be applicable in a multicultural society like Asia. Such a notion exceeds the scope of this comparative work. However identity has played a major role in the nation-building process of both these countries and for any theory of citizenship to be applicable to both these countries would require the due acknowledgement to identity. In conclusion it can be said that both Nepal and India conforms on some aspects with Kymlickas theory but fail to incorporate the entirety of it in their citizenship discourse.

Maman’s Funeral Characterises Meursault And the World of...

In the experimental novel The Stranger by Albert Camus, he explores the concept of existentialism and the idea that humans are born into nothing and descend into nothingness after death. The novel takes place in the French colony of Algiers where the French-Algerians working-class colonists live in an urban setting where simple life pleasures are of the upmost importance in the lives of working class people like the protagonist of the novel Meursault. What is fascinating about this novel is that it opens up with a scene of perpetual misfortune for him through the death of his mother although he seems to express otherwise. The reader perceives this nonchalance as a lack of care. Maman’s death and its impact on Meursault appear in both the†¦show more content†¦It seems disrespectful especially when Meursault says â€Å"it didn’t mean anything†, but the reader may not be able to understand why that is just as Meursault may not understand why remembering is important in the first place (3). The scene goes on to Meursault in his place of work where he asks his boss for the day off in order to go to his mother’s funeral. When speaking to his boss, Meursault says that his mother’s death is not his fault, and his boss goes quiet. Upon thinking about it, Meursault says, â€Å"I shouldn’t have said that† (3). This indicates that Meursault is aware of what he said had a negative affect on his boss but he does not seem to understand why. Meursault compensates for what he perceives as social inadequacy with apologies that he thinks mean something to the people around him but nothing to him. This response to his boss’s thoughts of his mother’s death characterises Meursault through the eyes of society and the reader as someone who is an alien to the world around him. Meursault than goes on to travel to the nursing home where his mother lived and then died. Meursault says that he â€Å"had to†¦borrow a black tie and arm band† (4). Meursault shows awareness of what is socially acceptable in a funeral situation in terms of how to dress and justifies why he borrowed these items from Emmanuel because Emmanuel’s â€Å"uncle had died† (3). Thus,

Alcohol and its effects Essay - 1479 Words

Alcohol is a large part of American culture. All over the United States drinking is not only acceptable but a social norm from teenagers to adults. This is not only the case in the U.S., but all over the world, where some drinking ages are 18 and 19 years of age. In America specifically, alcohol has been around for centuries and is a large part of many social gatherings. Although this is the case now, in the early 1900’s during the prohibition period, all alcohol was banned and deemed illegal to possess. Even though illegal, the task was just too heavy and alcohol was too much a common practice for most Americans. As time went on the prohibition period ended and the laws were revoked, making it legal again to possess alcohol. The drinking†¦show more content†¦With all these diseases related to alcohol, there are many mental health problems associated with drinking as well. These problems include unipolar depression, epilepsy and other neuropsychological disorders (Reh m 1216-1217). Though drinking itself seems harmless and fun, many of the diseases and problems linked to alcohol are very detrimental and long term. Along with the negative health effects, teenagers are beginning to drink earlier and it is affecting them in big ways. The perception of alcohol is greatly blurred when it comes to teenagers. Commercials and the media glorify alcohol, almost putting it on a pedestal. Teenagers are exposed to it on an almost daily basis and they in turn are starting to drink during their early teen years. With many developmental changes occurring in adolescence, the thought of alcohol abuse can be alarming. Despite the possible negative affects, there is very little study done on the subject (Arna 1). Adolescent health and alcohol use is not thoroughly researched, despite being a large problem. 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Job Satisfaction Essay Example For Students

Job Satisfaction Essay Job satisfaction Job satisfaction describes how content an individual is with his or her job. The happier people are within their job, the more satisfied they are said to be. Job satisfaction is not the same as motivation, although it is clearly linked. Job design aims to enhance job satisfaction and performance, methods include job rotation, job enlargement and job enrichment. Other influences on satisfaction include the management style and culture, employee involvement, empowerment and autonomous work groups. Job satisfaction is a very important attribute which is frequently measured by organizations. The most common way of measurement is the use of rating scales where employees report their reactions to their jobs. Questions relate to rate of pay, work responsibilities, variety of tasks, promotional opportunities the work itself and co-workers. Some questioners ask yes or no questions while others ask to rate satisfaction on 1-5 scale (where 1 represents not at all satisfied and 5 represents extremely satisfied). Definitions Job satisfaction has been defined as a pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job; an affective reaction to one’s job; and an attitude towards one’s job. Weiss (2002) has argued that job satisfaction is an attitude but points out that researchers should clearly distinguish the objects of cognitive evaluation which are affect (emotion), beliefs and behaviours. This definition suggests that we form attitudes towards our jobs by taking into account our feelings, our beliefs, and our behaviors History One of the biggest preludes to the study of job satisfaction was the Hawthorne studies. These studies (1924-1933), primarily credited to Elton Mayo of the Harvard Business School, sought to find the effects of various conditions (most notably illumination) on workers’ productivity. These studies ultimately showed that novel changes in work conditions temporarily increase productivity (called the Hawthorne Effect). It was later found that this increase resulted, not from the new conditions, but from the knowledge of being observed. This finding provided strong evidence that people work for purposes other than pay, which paved the way for researchers to investigate other factors in job satisfaction. Scientific management (aka Taylorism) also had a significant impact on the study of job satisfaction. Frederick Winslow Taylor’s 1911 book, Principles of Scientific Management, argued that there was a single best way to perform any given work task. This book contributed to a change in industrial production philosophies, causing a shift from skilled labor and piecework towards the more modern approach of assembly lines and hourly wages. The initial use of scientific management by industries greatly increased productivity because workers were forced to work at a faster pace. However, workers became exhausted and dissatisfied, thus leaving researchers with new questions to answer regarding job satisfaction. It should also be noted that the work of W. L. Bryan, Walter Dill Scott, and Hugo Munsterberg set the tone for Taylor’s work. Some argue that Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, a motivation theory, laid the foundation for job satisfaction theory. This theory explains that people seek to satisfy five specific needs in life – physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, self-esteem needs, and self-actualization. This model served as a good basis from which early researchers could develop job satisfaction theories. Job satisfaction can also be seen within the broader context of the range of issues which affect an individuals experience of work, or their quality of working life. Job satisfaction can be understood in terms of its relationships with other key factors, such as general well-being, stress at work, control at work, home-work interface, and working conditions. Models of job satisfaction Affect Theory Edwin A. Locke’s Range of Affect Theory (1976) is arguably the most famous job satisfaction model. The main premise of this theory is that satisfaction is determined by a discrepancy between what one wants in a job and what one has in a job. Further, the theory states that how much one values a given facet of work (e. g. the degree of autonomy in a position) moderates how satisfied/dissatisfied one becomes when expectations are/aren’t met. When a person values a particular facet of a job, his satisfaction is more greatly impacted both positively (when expectations are met) and negatively (when expectations are not met), compared to one who doesn’t value that facet. To illustrate, if Employee A values autonomy in the workplace and Employee B is indifferent about autonomy, then Employee A would be more satisfied in a position that offers a high degree of autonomy and less satisfied in a position with little or no autonomy compared to Employee B. This theory also states that too much of a particular facet will produce stronger feelings of dissatisfaction the more a worker values that facet. Dispositional Theory Another well-known job satisfaction theory is the Dispositional Theory Template:JacksonApril 2007. It is a very general theory that suggests that people have innate dispositions that cause them to have tendencies toward a certain level of satisfaction, regardless of one’s job. This approach became a notable explanation of job satisfaction in light of evidence that job satisfaction tends to be stable over time and across careers and jobs. Research also indicates that identical twins have similar levels of job satisfaction. A significant model that narrowed the scope of the Dispositional Theory was the Core Self-evaluations Model, proposed by Timothy A. Judge in 1998. Judge argued that there are four Core Self-evaluations that determine one’s disposition towards job satisfaction: self-esteem, general self-efficacy, locus of control, and neuroticism. This model states that higher levels of self-esteem (the value one places on his/her self) and general self-efficacy (the belief in one’s own competence) lead to higher work satisfaction. Having an internal locus of control (believing one has control over herhis own life, as opposed to outside forces having control) leads to higher job satisfaction. Suriname EssayThe satisfaction of an individual is dependent on largely on the relationship with the group members, group dynamics, group cohesiveness and his own need for affiliation. viii) Leadership Styles: The satisfaction level on the job can be determined by the leadership styles. Job satisfaction is greatly enhanced by democratic style of leadership. It is because democratic leaders promote friendship, respect and warmth relationships among the employees. On contrary, employees working under authoritarian and dictatorial leaders express low level of job satisfaction. ) The personal determinants also help a lot in maintaining the motivation and personal factors of the employees to work effectively and efficiently. Job satisfaction can be related to psychological factors and so numbers of personal factors determine the job satisfaction of the employees. They are as follows:- i) Personality: The personality of an individual can be determined by observing his individual psycholo gical conditions. The factors that determine the satisfaction of individuals and his psychological conditions is perception, attitudes and learning. ii) Age: Age can be described as a noteworthy determinant of job satisfaction. It is because younger age employees possessing higher energy levels are likely to be having more job satisfaction. In older age, the aspiration levels in employees increase. They feel completely dissatisfied in a state where they are unable to find their aspiration fulfilled, iii) Education: Education plays a significant determinant of job satisfaction as it provides an opportunity for developing one’s personality. Education develops and improvises individual wisdom and evaluation process. The highly educated employees can understand the situation and asses it positively as they possess persistence, rationality and thinking power. v) Gender Differences: The gender and race of the employees plays important determinants of Job satisfaction. Women, the fairer sex, are more likely to be satisfied than their male counterpart even if they are employed in small jobs. The job satisfaction can also be determined by other factors like learning, skill autonomy, job characteristics, unbia sed attitude of management, social status etc. It is important for managers to consider all these factors in assessing the satisfaction of the employees and increasing their level of job satisfaction. Relationships and practical implications Job Satisfaction can be an important indicator of how employees feel about their jobs and a predictor of work behaviours such as organizational citizenship, absenteeism, and turnover. Further, job satisfaction can partially mediate the relationship of personality variables and deviant work behaviors. One common research finding is that job satisfaction is correlated with life satisfaction. This correlation is reciprocal, meaning people who are satisfied with life tend to be satisfied with their job and people who are satisfied with their job tend to be satisfied with life. However, some research has found that job satisfaction is not significantly related to life satisfaction when other variables such as nonwork satisfaction and core self-evaluations are taken into account. An important finding for organizations to note is that job satisfaction has a rather tenuous correlation to productivity on the job. This is a vital piece of information to researchers and businesses, as the idea that satisfaction and job performance are directly related to one another is often cited in the media and in some non-academic management literature. A recent meta-analysis found an average uncorrected correlation between job satisfaction and productivity to be r=. 18; the average true correlation, corrected for research artifacts and unreliability, was r=. 30. Further, the meta-analysis found that the relationship between satisfaction and performance can be moderated by job complexity, such that for high-complexity jobs the correlation between satisfaction and performance is higher (? =. 52) than for jobs of low to moderate complexity (? . 29). Job Satisfaction also high relationship with intention to quit. It is found in many research that Job Satisfaction can lead to Intention to Stay / Quit in an organization (Kim et al. , 1996). Recent research has also shown that Intention to Quit can have effect like poor performance orientation, organizational deviance, and poor organizational citizenship behaviours (Krishnan, Sandeep. , and Singh. , Manjari, 2010). In short, the relationship of satisfaction to productivity is ot necessari ly straightforward and can be influenced by a number of other work-related constructs, and the notion that a happy worker is a productive worker should not be the foundation of organizational decision-making. With regard to job performance, employee personality may be more important than job satisfaction. The link between job satisfaction and performance is thought to be a spurious relationship; instead, both satisfaction and performance are the result of personality. Survey Objectives The primary objective of the employee satisfaction survey is to provide ABC with a means to identify key employee concerns that may presently exist within the organisation. More specifically, the objectives of the employee satisfaction survey are: †¢ To measure employee attitudes across a range of key cultural and performance dimensions, †¢ To align management and employee expectations in order to facilitate greater productivity within the workplace environment, †¢ To allow workplace satisfaction to be measured (or benchmarked) over time.

The Wind In The Willows By Kenneth Grahame Essays -

The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame Kenneth Grahames The Wind in the Willows is a satirical reflection of the English social structure of the late nineteenth century, during a time of rapid industrialization throughout Europe. Also considered a childrens story, this novel conveys Grahames belief in the ability of one to live an unrestrained and leisurely life, free of the obligations of the working class, and entitled to this life through high social status and wealth. The River Bank characters, especially Toad, represent those who live this idle life of the upper class. In contrast, the stoats and weasels of the Wild Wood resemble the proletariat, and an animosity between these two classes existed. The lower classes of the time were subject to poor standards of living, as well as exploitation by the factory owners and businessmen. They developed a resentment and hostile attitude towards the upper classes. In this book, Toad most prominently exemplifies Grahames ideal life of leisure and freedom and subsequently has hi s house taken over by the rebellious working class Wild-Wooders. More importantly though, Toad exhibits many qualities, that make him, for most readers, the most memorable figure in this book. Yet many of these characteristics displayed by the aristocratic Toad seem to undermine the authors attempted, legitimizing of extreme disparities of wealth and social position (Keefer). Toad is shown to be a very rich and prominent figure in the River Bank society. He is well known in his community, and in the community of the Wild Wood, and is a dear companion to Mole, Rat, and Badger, the other three main characters. Toad displays many admirable qualities that make his figure a very memorable one. Rat describes him to Mole as being, always good-tempered, always glad to see you, always sorry when you go He is indeed the best of animals. So simple, so good-natured, and so affectionate (13). Toad is also a good friend, is a compassionate animal, and he demonstrates all of these qualities, and others, at numerous points in the story. For example, he invites Mole and Rat to come with him on his adventure (16). However, it seems that the author has made Toads negative qualities more definitive and more memorable than his aforementioned positive qualities. Toad is a very coercive and extravagant individual, he is presumptuous and arrogant, and according to Rat again, perhaps hes not very clever we cant all be geniuses; and it may be that he is both boastful and conceited (13). It is these types of qualities that seem to define the character of Toad as more memorable than the others are, and outline the typical image of those people from the upper class. His self-centeredness is blatantly displayed in the songs Toad sings to himself while returning home (117 and 121). His ignorant and judgmental attitudes are recurring. To the lady kindly giving him a ride, after she discovers his lies, he shouts, You common, low, fat barge-woman! Dont you dare talk to your betters like that! (112). He also thinks very lowly of the washerwoman in prison, who ironically saves his life (84-5). He assumes a great many things and, perhaps innocently and unknowingly, insults people whose opinions differ from his own, as is the case in speaking with Rat on pa ge 16: Now, you dear good old Ratty, said Toad imploringly, dont begin to talking in that stiff and sniffy sort of way, because you know youve got to come. I cant possibly manage without you, so please consider it settled and dont argue its the one thing I cant stand. You surely dont mean to stick to your dull fusty old river all your life, and just live in a hole in a bank, and boat? I want to show you the world! Im going to make an animal out of you, my boy! These characteristics of Toad stand out to make him the most memorable because there is some element of comic relief present while Toad remains oblivious to it himself, not attempting to be funny, but often being quite serious. These are the types of qualities, however, that seem to be at odds with the movement of Grahames allegory. Grahame attempts to legitimize the extreme

The Picture Of Dorian Grey Essays - The Picture Of Dorian Gray

The Picture Of Dorian Grey Essays - The Picture Of Dorian Gray The Picture Of Dorian Grey The Picture of Dorian Grey This story is about wanting to stay young and not knowing the consequences of such a desire. Everything starts out in Basil Hallward's studio. Basil is a painter that is obsessed with Dorian Grey, a young beautiful gentleman that catches everyone's eye. On this particular day, Basil is accompanied by Lord Henry, one of his close friends. Dorian posses for a portrait and then retires to the garden with Lord Henry. They talk about youth and its great importance, about how it shouldn't be taken for granted, etc. When the picture is finished, Dorian makes a simple wish. He asks for his picture to grow old instead of him. Dorian keeps the picture and is fond of his new friend, Lord Henry. They go everywhere together and Henry teaches Dorian new things about life that he never knew existed. Dorian falls in love with an actress from the lower sides of London. But after she messes up in one of her plays, he despises her and decides never to see her again. He goes home and realizes that his picture has changed, it had grown old. The next day he is told that the actress he used to admire had committed suicide. Dorian fells no sorrow and Lord Henry tells him to take it as if it were just part of a play, a tragic scene that had come to a dramatic end. He realizes that his stupid wish had come true, so he decides to hide the painting so no one else can see it. As the years go by, people start to hate the once beloved Dorian Grey. Rumors are spread that he is a bad influence and that evil follows him wherever he goes. Many people don't believe that nonsense, and are still blown away by his ravaging good looks. They can't believe that such a handsome man can do such terrible things. Then one night, Basil visits him. They have a chat about the reputation that Dorian is getting on the streets. Basil tells him that such affairs, as he had been known to be a part off, were bad for the soul. Dorian tells him he no longer has a soul, and decides to show him the picture he once had painted of him. The picture had become horrid, old, and had lost all the beauty it once possessed. Basil is amazed and can't believe his own eyes. Dorian becomes mad at him, he blames him for all that has happened in his life, for he was the one that started the whole thing. Dorian takes a knife and stabs his good friend to death. The next day he gets rid of the body and of all the evidence that can link him to the murder. Dorian continues his life as if nothing had ever happened. A couple of days later, he is confronted by James Vayne, the actress's brother, the one he had sent to her death 18 years before. He wants to kill him for what he had done, but his good looks and his young face save his life. Now everywhere he goes he is afraid of being killed, until one day he goes hunting with a friend, and they shoot Vayne by mistake. Dorian feels without troubles and decides to make good instead of evil. He goes home and stabs the painting that had caused him all this pain. A chilling cry is heard, and his servants enter the room. They find the picture hanging on the wall, as beautiful as it ever was, and their master lying dead on the floor. He had changed into an old horrid figure and was stabbed to death. This book was an excellent choice because it had a very interesting way of looking at life. At the beginning I thought it would be the usual story, but then as the plot unwraps, one can't leave the book for a second. You always want to know what will happen to Dorian Grey. Grey is an amazing character, at the start he was just blooming like a flower, but under the influence of Lord Henry, he matures and becomes a creature of evil. He realizes his mistakes

The UzDaewoo Auto Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The UzDaewoo Auto Project - Assignment Example Uzbekistan was and continues to self sufficient on the agriculture front. Uzbekistan is the fourth largest producer of cotton in the world producing more than 1.5 million tons every year. The country also produces 70 Tons every year of gold making it the leading producer in the region for the metal. It also produces 40 billion tons of natural gas. Uzbek remains one of the largest producers of molybdenum, tungsten, copper and zinc. Though the large desert lands in the middle of the country hurts the continuity of living space, the country boasts itself of a large natural resource and rich agricultural produce. We can possible conclude that there is immense potential for growth in the country with a high education background and an adult literacy rate of over 90%, this is going to be a major motivating factor for any investor. Political climate in the country was stable and was more for consistent economic and industrial growth which would result in better living standards of its people. Fourth reason that any investor should consider is, nearly 85% of the people hold driving license where as only one million cars were plying the roads of Uzbekistan in 1980s when the total population was 22 million and 85% of them could drive! The major competition in Uzbekistan market for cars was from Russia, other Korean companies, European companies and a few US companies like GM and Ford. Russians had positioned their low end model in the country and it was selling at around 6,000/- rubles and the Ford was selling its Escort as a C Class car at around USD 10,000/-. Taking all this into consideration3, Daewoo needs to position itself one at the lower end of the market where there is a huge market since the country has a huge population not having a car to drive but know driving4. There are also people in the market who already had a car but is in need of the luxury that only a better car could provide. There is also a requirement for Daewoo to position a van that would carry a larger number of people instead of the traditional four. Based on all these requirements and also on the fact that the climate and the road conditions in Uzbekistan is not congenial for standard low bodied and low chassis models, cars have to be redesigned to suit the conditions existing in that country5. Daewoo had to and did position a model for every one of these requirements faced by the company. There was a low end module, Tico, which was sold at around USD 6,790/- that catered to the needs described

Customer Relationship Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Customer Relationship Management - Essay Example This research will begin with the importance of customer-centeredness. Businesses need to remember that nowadays, customers are more intelligent, well-informed and therefore more demanding than they ever were before. The Internet gives customers access to more information, and this allows them to educate themselves about products.   Therefore, they are intensely aware of what they have come to expect. In order to make sure that businesses of today can be successful, the business needs to make sure it is â€Å"customer-centered.† This implies a movement away from the former business focus of â€Å"process centered.†Ã‚   This shift means that businesses need to reorganize their focus by implanting a strategy geared toward success factors of the process, technology, people, and environment.   Management process will need to be examined and reviewed in order to make sure that wonderful and effective customer service is being provided. Businesses can gain an edge nowaday s if they are able to form management that focuses on good customer relationship skills.   This is often referred to as customer relationship management or CRM. The notion with CRM is to make sure the focus of the organization is the customer. Therefore, in order to make the company more customer-centered, it is important to ensure that all employees in the business contribute to the customer in the end.   Businesses that have been able to use this concept with success bring together the processes of people and technology.  

David Jones Essay Example for Free

David Jones Essay David Jones has a skilled, experienced and expertise Board of directors which is accountable for caring the rights, interests and the management of David Jones. Chief Executive Officer and Managing director are responsible for setting strategy, planning and administration for the company on daily basis. Paul Zahra has been â€Å"Chief Executive Officer and Managing director† for David Jones since 18 June 2010. Mr Zahra has more than 30 years’ experience in the Australian retail industry. He has held senior management roles across the retail sector in the areas of buying, stores, visual merchandising, supply chain, store refurbishments, customer service and operations. Directors are from a mix of different backgrounds, knowledge, skills and experience in the areas of retailing, financial services, property management and development, marketing, human resources, information technology, finance and law. Board of Directors Committee Memberships Name Role Audit Remuneration and Nominations Peter Mason AM Chairman and Non-Executive Director Paul Zahra Chief Executive Officer Jane Harvey Non-Executive Director  John Harvey Non-Executive Director Chairman Philippa Stone Non-Executive Director Steven Vamos Non-Executive Director Chairman Leigh Clapham Non-Executive Director Executive Management Name Role Paul Zahra Chief Executive Officer Paula Bauchinger Group Executive – Human Resources Cate Daniels Group Executive – Operations Matthew Durbin Executive – Strategic Planning Antony Karp Group Executive – Retail Services Sacha Laing Group Executive – Marketing and Financial Services Donna Player Group Executive – Merchandise David Robinson Executive – Multi Channel Strategy and Integration Brad Soller Chief Financial Officer 2. Employees According to David Jones , to achieve the highest profits and improve customer satisfaction, the company need to create an effective working environment for their employees following these goals: Every employee is valued; Recognition and reward for their contribution and performance; provide opportunities for employees to achieve their full potential; Obligation to safety, health and welfare, environmental responsibilities; and Support for philanthropic causes that are important to both David Jones’ customers and employees. Therefore, David Jones’ commitment is to realising its vision of being the ‘best place for our people to work’. In FY2012, David Jones invested in a range of advantages to ensure employees feel valued and supported: David Jones Charity Leave Policy: Supporting the philanthropic causes that are important to its customers and team members. Employee Referral Program: To reward any team member whose referral results in the successful placement of an external candidate in a nominated vacancy. Employee Self Service: To help team members achieve their full potential, reduces administration and to meet David Jones’ objective of transitioning to an environmentally sustainable business model. Innovation Workshop: Encourage continued innovative thinking, 150 team members from across the business participated in an innovation workshop at the Company’s annual conference in August 2012. To invest in the future and build the management and leadership capability of line managers, David Jones has established training and development programs. David Jones Executive Leadership Program: is designed to address the development needs of the David Jones’ Executive Committee and Executive Leadership Team, and comprises five leadership modules including a 360-degree leadership survey. David Jones Future Leaders Program: is designed in-house to develop high potential people managers that have been identified as part of the Company’s annual succession planning process. Operations Online Compliance: is designed to ensures that frontline employees remain current in processes and policies that are important to their role, including workplace safety, food safety, customer service and the David Jones Code of Ethics and Conduct. Recognition and Reward: New Executive Incentive Framework New Enterprise Agreements New Frontline Incentive Program Excellence Awards Program David Jones does not tolerate harassment, discrimination or bullying in the workplace. Employees of David Jones can expect to be treated in a fair and professional manner. Unacceptable behaviours under the David Jones terms of employment: Harassment- Discrimination and Bullying. 3. Organisational Culture Diversity Management and the entire David Jones workforce are embraced of and attract diverse, talented and motivated people. David Jones’ diversity supports commitment to a culture that equally embraces: gender, age, culture, religious beliefs, sexual orientation and family responsibilities of our people. David Jones encourages and supports all of our employees to reach their full potential and irrespective of gender. David Jones’ corporate sponsorship of the National Breast Cancer Foundation and the operation of Rose Clinics, while a philanthropic initiative, also serves to demonstrate our commitment to raising health awareness among employees and customers alike. This is representative of our broader commitment to the promotion of women and issues that affect women Equity David Jones has a Share Trading Policy that complies with the requirements of ASX Listing Rule 12. This was lodged with the ASX in 2010 and is available in the Corporate Governance section of its website. Consistent with the legal prohibitions on insider trading, under the policy, all directors, officers, members of senior management, other employees and consultants are prohibited from dealing in David Jones securities while in possession of unpublished price sensitive information about David Jones. HSBC CUSTODY NOMINEES (AUSTRALIA) LIMITED is the biggest shareholders with 69,772,020 shares (13. 20%). The 20 largest ordinary shareholders hold 45.  17% of the ordinary shares of the Company. External environment I. General Environment 1. Political and Legal Carbon Pricing Scheme David Jones has a proven track record in reducing its carbon emissions and supports the government of the day in its attempts to move the economy towards a low-carbon future. David Jones conducted its own analysis in 2011 to determine the direct impact on its cost base and participated in roundtable discussions facilitated by the Australian National Retailers Association (ANRA) to review macro-environmental impacts of the scheme. Macro-environmental impacts ANRA advocated that the government release analysis outlining how households would be affected and compensated by the introduction of a carbon price. Subsequent to these discussions, additional information was released, addressing many of the unknown factors in relation to the scheme and confining any detrimental impact on consumer sentiment, which is a key driver of top-line growth for discretionary retailers. Direct financial impacts David Jones count on the Business Roundtable on Climate Change, established by the Federal government, to represent business interests in the development of the Clean Energy Future legislative package, including the carbon pricing scheme. Trading Hours David Jones follow retail industry’s opening hours Monday:9:30am 7:00pm Tuesday:9:30am 7:00pm Wednesday:9:30am 7:00pm Thursday:9:30am 9:00pm Friday:9:30am 9:00pm Saturday:9:00am 7:00pm Sunday:10:00am 7:00pm 2. Economical Low Inflation rate and high Australian dollar makes foreign imports become cheaper, leads to an increase in profit of David Jones. On the other hand, increase in the value of money also makes customers become interested in shopping online or buy goods overseas, makes customers rate of David Jones fall. Therefore, David Jones should adjust the price of goods for both profitable and consistent with the economic situation and the needs of customers. An increase in the unemployment rate reduces people’s income and also their shopping needs. 3. Social Cultural People are trying to keep a balance between their work and social-life. Besides spending a whole day at work, they are willing to spend more time go to department stores on the weekdays. Based on population data from around Australia, Gen Y has appeared as Australias largest demographic with 4. 67 million people. Generation X has also grown to 4. 6 million. And, the Baby Boomer demographic is shrinking; falling by 6,000 to just 4. 11 million people. Generation X and Y are tremendously internet savvy. The internet is the first place that they look when purchasing goods and services. There are more educated people so their knowledge about fashion and fashion demand has increased. They are willing to purchase clothes with good quality from well-known suppliers. 4. Technological New Point of Sale (POS) system: will improve customers’ service experience and reduce transaction times. This system has multi-functionality and will play a pivotal role in David Jones’ OCR Strategy. David Jones also has new Workforce Management and Traffic Analytics System. 5. Natural David Jones is committed to managing its own operations in an environmentally sustainable manner and will meet this commitment by: Investing in efficiency measures and driving behavioural change to reduce the impact that the business has on the environment; Embedding environmental sustainability into the corporate cultural of the organisation; Developing robust  management systems to ensure transparency and confidence in environmental reporting. David Jones’ environment strategy comprises four strategic objectives: Improve environmental outcomes, by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, protecting and conserving natural resources, and optimising water use. Motivate cultural change, by encouraging behavioural change and then by integrating sustainability into decision making at all levels of the organisation. Engage with employees, customers and shareholders, to ensure that interested stakeholders are able to access information about David Jones’ environmental impacts and initiatives, and ensure that the Company’s approach to sustainability reflects stakeholder expectations. Meet and, where viable, exceed the Company’s mandatory and voluntary reporting obligations. II. Specific environment 1. Customers People are willing to dress nicer, fussy and trendy. The way they dress is usually according to the fashion trend. They are influenced from the internet; all the fashion trends are spreading quickly. 2. Competitors : Myer Myer is Australias largest department store group, and a market leader in Australian retailing, operating about 65 stores that offer some of the top style and fashion lines in the country. Merchandise (some 2,400 brands) is sourced from suppliers worldwide and includes accessories; womens, mens, and childrens apparel; beauty and cosmetics; electrical goods; housewares; and toys. Myer runs stores in about 25 of the top 30 largest shopping centres in Australia, with New South Wales as its top market, followed by Victoria and Queensland. Besides Myer, Target, Kmart and other smaller retailers are also David Jones’ competitors. 3. Suppliers Suppliers are an integral part of David Jones’ â€Å"Home of Brands† strategy, which makes David Jones stand out from its competitors. David Jones is committed to improving and strengthening their relationship with each of their suppliers. David Jones also appreciates suppliers that have understood Australian customers and have adjusted their prices. 4. Regulations ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION David Jones takes a responsible approach in relation to the management of environmental matters. David Jones’ report has followed with the requirements of the National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Act 2007 (Cth) (NGER Act). No environmental breaches have been notified to the Company Entity by any government agency. David Jones is committed to protecting the health, safety and welfare of all employees, contractors, visitors and customers. David Jones continues to work towards achieving an incident-free and injury-free workplace. This commitment is supported by the â€Å"[emailprotected]† management system and the Company’s safety programs â€Å"[emailprotected] davidjones† management system imitates efforts of team members to put â€Å"SafetyFirst† in daily tasks and activities, by identifying and controlling hazards that have the potential to cause incidents and injuries. Safety Information Management system Incident, Hazard and Investigation: provides an on-line system to support the reporting of incidents and the completion of incident investigations, risk assessments and associated corrective actions; Case and Claims Management: focuses on the management of information related to workers compensation claim files, claim transactions and payments as well as Return to Work Plans for work related and non-work related injuries; Risk Management; Audit and Inspections; Training: focuses on core compliance training, safety accountabilities, hazard and risk management and injury management training.

Importance of Fear in The Lord of the Flies Essay -- Lord of the Flies

Importance of Fear in The Lord of the Flies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The boys in the book, The Lord of the Flies, are controlled by their fear of the beast.   This fear is not of the beast itself, but of the unknown. It comes from not knowing whether or not a beast exists.    The children start as one united group.   They are a community in their own.   Slowly, rules started to get broken, individuals began to leave, and the group broke apart.   The one thing that causes this break-up is the beast. The beast means different things to everyone, but each boy is afraid of it.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All of this fear starts at one of the very first assemblies when a littlun says that he saw a beastie in the forest.   "Now he says it was a beastie" (35).   Everyone is already a little afraid of being on the island alone, without any adults, but this makes them even more scared.   Ralph, the chosen leader, feels this fear and notices it among the other boys.   He tries to reassure the others as well as himself with, "You couldn't have a beastie, a snake-thing, on an island this size.   You only get them in big countries, like Africa, or India" (36).   He continues trying to ease the fear by ending the conversation of beasties with, "...I tell you there is no beast" (36).   In addition, Ralph tries to have an optimistic look on rescue, and talks of fun on the island to help the children stay calm.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jack and Ralph continue discussing the issue of fear, without the littluns present, to avoid frightening them further.   Mostly they discuss how the littluns scream out in their dreams because they are so afraid.   Simon joins in on one of their conversations on page 52:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "'As if it wasn't a good island.'   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ast... ...      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By the end of the novel, it is not the beast that has driven the boys to savagery; it is their fear of the beast.   Most of the boys try to deal with their fear by pushing it away, but it is always in the back of their minds, controlling every move they make.   They do not know whether or not there is a beast on the island.   They are afraid of the unknown.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   Works Cited. Baker, James R. "Why It's No Go." Critical Essays on William Golding. Ed. James R. Baker. Boston: G.K. Hall & Co., 1988. Golding, William. Lord of the Flies. London: Faber and Faber, 1958. Hynes, Samuel. "William Golding's Lord of the Flies." Critical Essays on William Golding. Ed. James R. Baker. Boston: G.K. Hall & Co., 1988. Moody, Philippa. Golding: Lord of the Flies, a critical commentary. London: Macmillan, 1964.         

Ontella Picdeck Case Essay

Customer persona is a conceptual and fictive character of who could be the typical customer. Shorter, it gives us a â€Å"realistic† kind of customer (with socioprofessional situation, sex, age, etc †¦). Of course it’s possible to have several customer persona (like in the Ontela case study). A user persona is a representation of the goals and behavior of a hypothesized group of users. 2-Which segment(s) should Ontela target? We are comfortable choosing the young professional, I also consider the parent a viable segment. The young professional will definitely utilize the service in their business and will see the value to carry over use for personal photos thus increases their usage and dependency of the service (or vice versa). We think given the age group of this persona they will be quick to adapt to the new technology once they commit to using it. Once they commit to using it we believe it will be something that will be difficult for them to give up so they will be a regular customer. However, we are concerned about the number of potential customer in this persona. We wonder how many 27 year olds are like Steve when he mentions he was â€Å"the last of his friends to get up on the latest technology†. 3-Based on feature/benefit analysis, what positing statements are likely to be appropriate for each of the customers? SarahSteveRegina How much do customers in the segment want/need the product/service ?2/53.5/55/5 Most attractive ontela featureeasyUseful-easyFast-easy Most attractive benefit for the consumerSave precious momentDoing business faster from everywhere to every placeShow pictures Value to Ontela and partners Segment size This kind of people is outdated about technologies, especially in phone domain. They prefer to stay with their habits because they finally learned how to use it. If they change, the old phone has to be broke (and often, they try to find the same phone or a similar one) or it has to be really easy. Ontele promise their software is easy but we can not say the same about the support (the framework). USA : 10 millionSteve is not a user of new tech but he knows it. Today, we can assume that a young professional of 27yo has to have new tech because it’s really useful for their work (especially for estate agent) and because to have a smartphone gives entertainment. USA : 10% of 153 million = 15.3 million (actif)Regina is the typical girl of Z generation. The girl who has its own iphone, from a middle class. She is always connected thanks to internet and mobile internet. She is able to better know all new tech that can serve her easier, faster, more usefull. USA : 20 million Willingness to payWill think about the family budget before the allWill have the ability to pay easilyPocket money Note: As we can see, Sarah is not this kind of target who will go on internet to search information (because she doesn’t know really how to use it), and as she has no smartphone with appstore, it’s impossible to target her by this. About specialized magazine, she will be not interested as much. And about specialized TV/radio program, she cans be targeting but it will be a pure hazardous. So it will cost a lot if we decide to touch her, even if the product currently gives a response to her demand. Steve has knowledge in IT and is ready to change its mobile phone. So he will access to appstore, search information on internet, his colluagues already use their cellphones to send pictures. So he will be easy to touch. 4-Identify the key themes that should be emphasized in the messaging for the PicDeck service to your chosen target. Chosen target : Steve, the Young Professional After the segmentation market, Ontela Pickdeck target will be Steve, the Young Professional. The Ontela Pickdeck’s offer and the Steve’s profile are linked. For us, Steve is the best target. Steve is 27 years old, he is â€Å"cool† and a young active adult desiring to connect with friends. Steve is a â€Å"hardworker† who knows the new technology and who uses very often the new technologic communication for his work. It is a easy target to approach because he needs this type of application to simplify his lifestyle and his work. For Steve, the essential key themes should be â€Å"professional† and â€Å"easy to use†. Professional : -You can use their phones to take pictures of houses to save and send instantly to clients. -You can be linked all the time with clients and colleagues with cellphone. -â€Å"He uses email at work, but prefers the phone†. Now with our product, he will can use only the phone for his work and to be attentive to his clients everytime even on the road. Easy to use : -If your phone is lost or stolen, your pictures are safe. -Every picture you take on your camera phone is emailed to you, automatically. -Sets up on your phone in about one minute. -There is nothing to learn or remember†¦ just take photos and pic sender delivers them automatically. -Easy delivery to your email, your PC, and your Photobucket, Yahoo! Flickr, Snapfish or Google Blogger accounts. To approach better Steve, we have chosen some promotion supports. Application Store : – It is needed for us, to have an application on the Apple Store and Android to download the product and to promote more efficienly thanks to a famous site. Internet : -Ontela PicDeck’s Site -Ontela PicDeck’s Facebook (connected with people of social networks) -Technologic sites about new technologies -Blogs Specialized magazine : -Magazine Immobilier -La vie immobilià ¨re -Immoxia -Phone press, application magazine WOM : With all his colleagues and the real estate world. This type of product can change the real estate agent work. 5-What are the risks of using qualitative personas to select target customer segments? The main risk by using it is that customer personas are just a representation of a typically customer and only linked with the product or the company. It doesn’t care about the geography, sociocultural differences, etc †¦ The other problem is that qualitative personas don’t show the quantity of customer and so the real potential of a group of customer. We cannot know how much â€Å"Regina† are in the segment targeted. Shorter, the problem of using qualitative is that it’s just an assumption without quantitative evidences and no descriptives. The firm risks to target their customers only linked with their personas â€Å"There’s no quantitative evidence. The most common pitfall in persona creation occurs when someone asks, â€Å"How can you be sure all our users are like the few you talked to?† Qualitative personas are based on the idea that you can talk to a small number of users and see patterns that apply to all of your users. In other words, the risk of being wrong is higher compared to having a large sample size to back you up. If your stakeholders need quantitative evidence to buy into your process, they’ll disregard your personas as a creative but ultimately unreliable tool. Some people simply need the â€Å"proof† of hard data. And who can blame them? If you’re going to be making critical business decisions based on these personas, you better be as certain as possible of their accuracy—and be able to persuade others. Existing assumptions don’t tend to be questioned. You know your business, and you have assumptions about who the users are and what they need. When any person interviews users, he or she inevitably brings those assumptions to the research. The result: People find what they’re looking for. Subconsciously, people look for the things that backup their own assumptions, so that instead of discovering surprises, they simply validate an existing worldview. Too often, their segmentation will look exactly like their original assumptions instead of being affected by the research. It won’t always happen this way, but it’s a serious risk when doing qualitative segmentation.†

Thoreaus Walden The Battle of the Ants

Revered by many readers as the father of American nature writing, Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) characterized himself as a mystic, a transcendentalist and a natural philosopher to boot. His one masterpiece, Walden, came out of a two-year experiment in simple economy and creative leisure conducted in a self-made cabin near Walden Pond. Thoreau grew up in Concord, Massachusetts, now part of the Boston metropolitan area, and Walden Pond is near Concord. Thoreau and Emerson Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson, also from Concord, became friends around 1840, after Thoreau had finished college, and it was Emerson who introduced Thoreau to transcendentalism and acted as his mentor. Thoreau built a small house on Walden Pond in 1845 on land owned by Emerson, and he spent two years there, immersed in philosophy and beginning to write what would be his masterpiece and legacy, Walden, which was published in 1854. Thoreaus Style In the introduction to The Norton Book of Nature Writing (1990), editors John Elder and Robert Finch observe that Thoreaus supremely self-conscious style has kept him continuously available to readers who no longer draw a confident distinction between humanity and the rest of the world, and who would find a simpler worship of nature both archaic and incredible. This excerpt from Chapter 12 of Walden, developed with historical allusions and an understated analogy, conveys Thoreaus unsentimental view of nature. The Battle of the Ants From Chapter 12 of Walden, or Life in the Woods (1854)  Ã‚  by Henry David Thoreau You only need sit still long enough in some attractive spot in the woods that all its inhabitants may exhibit themselves to you by turns. I was witness to events of a less peaceful character. One day when I went out to my wood-pile, or rather my pile of stumps, I observed two large ants, the one red, the other much larger, nearly half an inch long, and black, fiercely contending with one another. Having once got hold they never let go, but struggled and wrestled and rolled on the chips incessantly. Looking farther, I was surprised to find that the chips were covered with such combatants, that it was not a duellum, but a bellum, a war between two races of ants, the red always pitted against the black, and frequently two red ones to one black. The legions of these Myrmidons covered all the hills and vales in my wood-yard, and the ground was already strewn with the dead and dying, both red and black. It was the only battle which I have ever witnessed, the only battle-field I ever trod while the battle was raging; internecine war; the red republicans on the one hand, and the black imperialists on the other. On every side t hey were engaged in deadly combat, yet without any noise that I could hear, and human soldiers never fought so resolutely. I watched a couple that were fast locked in each others embraces, in a little sunny valley amid the chips, now at noonday prepared to fight till the sun went down, or life went out. The smaller red champion had fastened himself like a vice to his adversarys front, and through all the tumblings on that field never for an instant ceased to gnaw at one of his feelers near the root, having already caused the other to go by the board; while the stronger black one dashed him from side to side, and, as I saw on looking nearer, had already divested him of several of his members. They fought with more pertinacity than bulldogs. Neither manifested the least disposition to retreat. It was evident that their battle-cry was Conquer or die. In the meanwhile there came along a single red ant on the hillside of this valley, evidently full of excitement, who either had dispatche d his foe, or had not yet taken part in the battle; probably the latter, for he had lost none of his limbs; whose mother had charged him to return with his shield or upon it. Or perchance he was some Achilles, who had nourished his wrath apart, and had now come to avenge or rescue his Patroclus. He saw this unequal combat from afar--for the blacks were nearly twice the size of the red--he drew near with rapid pace till be stood on his guard within half an inch of the combatants; then, watching his opportunity, he sprang upon the black warrior, and commenced his operations near the root of his right foreleg, leaving the foe to select among his own members; and so there were three united for life, as if a new kind of attraction had been invented which put all other locks and cements to shame. I should not have wondered by this time to find that they had their respective musical bands stationed on some eminent chip, and playing their national airs the while, to excite the slow and chee r the dying combatants. I was myself excited somewhat even as if they had been men. The more you think of it, the less the difference. And certainly there is not the fight recorded in Concord history, at least, if in the history of America, that will bear a moments comparison with this, whether for the numbers engaged in it, or for the patriotism and heroism displayed. For numbers and for carnage it was an Austerlitz or Dresden. Concord Fight! Two killed on the patriots side, and Luther Blanchard wounded! Why here every ant was a Buttrick--Fire! for Gods sake fire!--and thousands shared the fate of Davis and Hosmer. There was not one hireling there. I have no doubt that it was a principle they fought for, as much as our ancestors, and not to avoid a three-penny tax on their tea; and the results of this battle will be as important and memorable to those whom it concerns as those of the battle of Bunker Hill, at least. I took up the chip on which the three I have particularly described were struggling, carried it into my house, and placed it under a tumbler on my window-sill, in order to see the issue. Holding a microscope to the first-mentioned red ant, I saw that, though he was assiduously gnawing at the near foreleg of his enemy, having severed his remaining feeler, his own breast was all torn away, exposing what vitals he had there to the jaws of the black warrior, whose breastplate was apparently too thick for him to pierce; and the dark carbuncles of the sufferers eyes shone with ferocity such as war only could excite. They struggled half an hour longer under the tumbler, and when I looked again the black soldier had severed the heads of his foes from their bodies, and the still living heads were hanging on either side of him like ghastly trophies at his saddle-bow, still apparently as firmly fastened as ever, and he was endeavoring with feeble struggles, being without feelers and with only t he remnant of a leg, and I know not how many other wounds, to divest himself of them, which at length, after half an hour more, he accomplished. I raised the glass, and he went off over the window-sill in that crippled state. Whether he finally survived that  combat,  and spent the remainder of his days in some Hà ´tel des Invalides, I do not know; but I thought that his industry would not be worth much thereafter. I never learned which party was victorious, nor the cause of the war; but I felt for the rest of that day as if I had had my feelings excited and harrowed by witnessing the struggle, the  ferocity  and carnage, of a human battle before my door. Kirby and Spence tell us that the battles of ants have long been celebrated and the date of them recorded, though they say that Huber is the only modern author who appears to have witnessed them. Aeneas Sylvius, say they, after giving a very circumstantial account of one contested with great obstinacy by a great and small species on the trunk of a pear tree, adds that this action was fought in the pontificate of Eugenius the Fourth, in the presence of Nicholas Pistoriensis, an eminent lawyer, who related the whole history of the battle with the greatest fidelity. A similar engagement between great and small ants is recorded by Olaus Magnus, in which the small ones, being victorious, are said to have buried the bodies of their own soldiers, but left those of their giant enemies a prey to the birds. This event happened previous to the expulsion of the tyrant Christiern the Second from Sweden. The battle which I witnessed took place in the Presidency of Polk, five years before the passa ge of Websters Fugitive-Slave Bill. Originally published by Ticknor Fields in 1854, Walden, or Life in the Woods   by Henry David Thoreau is available in many editions, including Walden: A Fully Annotated Edition, edited by Jeffrey S. Cramer (2004).